Hero To Zero || Online Earning

Hero To Zero || Online Earning 

1. Freelancing Websites (e.g., Upwork, Freelancer, Fiverr):

   - Earn by offering your skills or services in areas like writing, design, programming, and more.

2. Online Surveys (e.g., Swagbucks, Survey Junkie, Vindale Research):

   - Get paid for participating in surveys, watching videos, and completing other online tasks.

3. Content Creation (e.g., YouTube, TikTok, Blogging):

   - Make money through ad revenue, sponsorships, affiliate marketing, or selling digital products.

4. Affiliate Marketing (e.g., Amazon Associates, ClickBank):

   - Promote products or services and earn commissions for each sale or referral you generate.

5. Stock Photography (e.g., Shutterstock, Adobe Stock):

   - Upload and sell your photos, illustrations, or videos to individuals and businesses.

6. Online Tutoring (e.g., VIPKid, Chegg Tutors, Udemy):

   - Teach a subject you're knowledgeable in through video lessons or written content.

7. Dropshipping (e.g., Shopify, WooCommerce):

   - Set up an online store and sell products without holding inventory; profit from the price difference.

8. Gig Economy Apps (e.g., Uber, DoorDash, Airbnb):

   - Earn money by providing rides, delivering food, or renting out accommodations.

9. Stock and Forex Trading (e.g., E*TRADE, Forex.com):

   - Buy and sell stocks, currencies, or other financial instruments to profit from price fluctuations.

10. Remote Work (e.g., Remote job boards, LinkedIn):

    - Find and apply for remote job opportunities in various fields, such as customer support, software development, and digital marketing.

Remember that success in online earning often requires time, effort, and sometimes an initial investment. Additionally, the availability of these opportunities may vary depending on your location and skills. Always be cautious of scams and fraudulent schemes, and do thorough research before committing to any online earning platform.

Top 10 Best Universities || 2023

Top 10 Best Universities 

The ranking of universities can vary depending on the criteria used, and rankings can change over time. As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, here are the top 10 universities in Pakistan, based on various factors such as academic reputation, research output, and facilities. Please note that the rankings may have changed since then, so I recommend checking the latest rankings from reputable sources for the most up-to-date information:

1. Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad

2. Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore

3. National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad

4. Aga Khan University, Karachi

5. University of Karachi, Karachi

6. University of the Punjab, Lahore

7. Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Swabi

8. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

9. Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad

10. University of Health Sciences, Lahore

Topology || Types of Topology

 Topology

In computer networking, topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices and connections in a network. It defines how devices are connected to each other and how data is transmitted in the network. Different network topologies are used based on the specific requirements of a network, such as reliability, scalability, cost, and ease of maintenance. Here are some common types of network topologies:

1. Star Topology:

   - In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch.

   - The central hub acts as a repeater and manages data traffic in the network.

   - It is easy to add or remove devices without disrupting the entire network.

   - If the central hub fails, however, the entire network can become non-functional.

2. Bus Topology:

   - In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single central cable called the bus or backbone.

   - Data is transmitted along the bus, and each device receives the data but only processes data addressed to it.

   - It is relatively simple and cost-effective but can be prone to cable faults, which can disrupt the entire network.

3. Ring Topology:

   - In a ring topology, each device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a closed loop or ring.

   - Data travels in one direction around the ring, passing through each device until it reaches its destination.

   - It is relatively fault-tolerant as data can take an alternate path if one segment of the ring fails.

   - However, adding or removing devices can be complex, and a break in the ring can disrupt the entire network.

4. Mesh Topology:

   - In a mesh topology, every device is connected to every other device.

   - It provides redundancy and fault tolerance, as multiple paths exist for data to reach its destination.

   - Mesh topologies are highly reliable but can be expensive and complex to set up and maintain, especially in large networks.

5. Hybrid Topology:

   - A hybrid topology combines two or more different types of topologies.

   - For example, a network might have a star topology at the access layer and a ring topology at the core layer.

   - Hybrid topologies aim to leverage the strengths of multiple topologies to create a more robust and scalable network.

6. Tree Topology (Hierarchical Topology):

   - A tree topology is a combination of the star and bus topologies.

   - Devices are organized into a hierarchy with multiple levels, similar to a tree structure.

   - It is often used in large networks with multiple branches or departments.

7. Wireless Topology:

   - In wireless networks, there is no physical cabling, and devices communicate through wireless signals.

   - Wireless networks can have various topologies, such as point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, or mesh, depending on the nature of the wireless connections.

8. Point-to-Point Topology:

   - In a point-to-point topology, two devices are directly connected, such as in a dedicated link between two routers.

   - It is simple and used for connecting remote locations.

Each network topology has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of topology depends on factors like the network's size, scalability requirements, fault tolerance needs, and budget constraints. Network designers carefully consider these factors when selecting the most appropriate topology for a specific network.

Computer Network | Types of computer networks

 Computer Network

A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices (such as computers, servers, printers, switches, routers, etc.) that are capable of sharing data and resources with each other. These devices are linked together using various types of transmission media (like wires or wireless connections) and networking protocols, allowing them to communicate and collaborate.

Here are the main types of computer networks:

1. LAN (Local Area Network):

   - A LAN is a network that is limited to a small geographic area, like a single building or a group of adjacent buildings.

   - LANs are typically used in homes, small businesses, and academic institutions.

   - They provide high data transfer rates and low latency, making them well-suited for tasks like file sharing, printing, and multiplayer gaming.

2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):

   - A MAN covers a larger geographic area, such as a city or a campus.

   - MANs are often used by organizations or institutions with multiple buildings that need to be interconnected.

   - They provide higher bandwidth than a LAN, but cover a smaller area than a WAN.

3. WAN (Wide Area Network):

   - A WAN covers a wide geographic area, such as a country, continent, or even worldwide.

   - WANs are typically used by large organizations or service providers to connect multiple LANs or MANs across long distances.

   - They can use various technologies, including leased lines, satellites, and the internet.

4. CAN (Campus Area Network):

   - A CAN is a network that covers a university campus, industrial complex, or a similar space.

   - It's a type of network that's larger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN.

5. PAN (Personal Area Network):

   - A PAN is the smallest type of network, typically covering a range of a few meters.

   - PANs are used for connecting devices in close proximity to an individual, such as connecting a smartphone to a laptop via Bluetooth.

6. SAN (Storage Area Network):

   - A SAN is a specialized network designed for high-speed data access to storage devices, like hard drives or storage arrays.

   - It's commonly used in data centers to provide shared storage resources to multiple servers.

7. VPN (Virtual Private Network):

   - A VPN is a network that is constructed over the top of an existing network, often the internet.

   - It creates a secure, encrypted connection between two or more devices or networks, allowing them to communicate as if they were directly connected.

8. Intranet and Extranet:

   - An intranet is a private network within an organization that uses internet protocols and technologies for sharing information and resources among its members.

   - An extranet is a controlled extension of an intranet that allows specific external users to access a portion of an organization's intranet.

9. Hybrid Network:

   - A hybrid network is a combination of two or more different types of networks (e.g., LAN and WAN) connected together.

These are the main types of computer networks, each with its own characteristics and applications. The choice of network type depends on factors like the geographic area to be covered, the number of devices, the required bandwidth, and security considerations.

Transmisson Media | Guided and Unguided Media

 Transmisson Media 

Transmission media, also known as communication channels or communication media, are the physical pathways that transmit data and information from one point to another in a communication system. There are two main categories of transmission media: guided media (also called wired or bounded media) and unguided media (also called wireless or unbounded media). Let's explore these two categories:

1. Guided Media:

   Guided media use physical wires or cables to transmit data signals. They provide a well-defined path for the signals to travel, which helps in maintaining signal integrity and reducing interference. Here are some common types of guided media:

   a. Twisted Pair Cable:

      - Twisted pair cables consist of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together. They are commonly used for telephone lines and Ethernet networks.

      - There are two main types: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP).

      - UTP is widely used for Ethernet connections in homes and offices, while STP has additional shielding to reduce electromagnetic interference.

   b. Coaxial Cable:

      - Coaxial cables consist of a central conductor, an insulating layer, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating layer.

      - They are often used for cable television (CATV) and broadband internet connections.

      - Coaxial cables offer better shielding and higher bandwidth compared to twisted pair cables.

   c. Optical Fiber:

      - Optical fiber cables use light pulses to transmit data. They consist of a core made of glass or plastic fibers surrounded by cladding material.

      - Optical fibers are known for their high data transmission rates, long-distance capabilities, and immunity to electromagnetic interference.

      - They are widely used in high-speed internet connections, telecommunications networks, and long-distance data transmission.

2. Unguided Media:

   Unguided media, also known as wireless media, do not rely on physical cables to transmit data. Instead, they use electromagnetic waves to transmit signals through the air or a vacuum. Here are some common types of unguided media:

   a. Radio Waves:

      - Radio waves are used for wireless communication through devices like radios, walkie-talkies, and wireless networks (Wi-Fi).

      - They have a wide range of frequencies, allowing for various applications from broadcasting to short-range communication.

   b. Microwaves:

      - Microwaves are higher-frequency electromagnetic waves used for point-to-point communication, such as microwave links between cellular towers.

      - They provide high bandwidth and can transmit data over long distances with minimal signal loss.

   c. Infrared Waves:

      - Infrared (IR) waves are used for short-range communication, typically in devices like TV remote controls and infrared data transmission.

      - They require a direct line of sight between the transmitter and receiver.

   d. Satellite Communication:

      - Satellites in space use radio waves to relay signals between ground stations and satellite dishes.

      - This technology is used for long-distance communication, including television broadcasting and global positioning systems (GPS).

Each type of transmission medium has its own advantages and limitations, and the choice of medium depends on factors like distance, bandwidth requirements, environmental conditions, and cost considerations. Modern communication systems often use a combination of guided and unguided media to provide reliable and efficient communication services.

Write a Blog post | Professional blog writing.

1. Choose a Topic:

   - Select a topic that is relevant to your audience and aligns with your blog's niche or purpose.

   - Consider conducting keyword research to identify topics with search traffic potential.

2. Understand Your Audience:

   - Determine who your target audience is and what they're interested in.

   - Tailor your content to address their needs, questions, or pain points.

3. Plan Your Content:

   - Create an outline that includes the main points you want to cover in your blog post.

   - Organize your thoughts and ideas logically to ensure a smooth flow.

4. Research:

   - Gather information from credible sources to support your points.

   - Cite your sources when using statistics, facts, or quotations.

5. Write a Compelling Introduction:

   - Grab your readers' attention with a catchy headline.

   - Use an engaging hook in the opening paragraph to pique curiosity.

   - Clearly state the purpose or thesis of your blog post.

6. Develop the Body:

   - Divide your content into clear sections or headings.

   - Present your information in a structured and organized manner.

   - Use subheadings, bullet points, and numbered lists to enhance readability.

   - Provide examples, anecdotes, or case studies to illustrate your points.

7. Maintain Consistent Style:

   - Stick to a consistent writing style and tone throughout the post.

   - Keep sentences and paragraphs concise and easy to understand.

   - Use active voice and avoid jargon or overly technical language unless your audience is familiar with       it.

 8. Engage Your Readers:

   - Encourage reader engagement through questions, polls, or calls to action.

   - Invite comments and feedback at the end of the post.

9. Add Visuals:

   - Incorporate relevant images, infographics, videos, or charts to enhance understanding.

   - Optimize images for web use to ensure faster loading times.

10. Optimize for SEO:

   - Use your target keyword naturally throughout the content.

   - Optimize meta titles and descriptions for search engines.

   - Include internal and external links to related content.

11. Proofread and Edit:

   - Review your blog post for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

   - Check for clarity, consistency, and coherence in your writing.

   - Consider having someone else proofread it for a fresh perspective.

12. Craft a Conclusion:

   - Summarize the main points of your blog post.

   - Reiterate the key takeaways or lessons.

   - End with a strong closing statement or call to action.

13. Create a Catchy Title:

   - Craft a compelling and SEO-friendly title that accurately reflects the content.

   - Keep it concise and attention-grabbing.

14. Optimize for Readability:

   - Use short paragraphs and break up long text with subheadings.

   - Use a readable font and size.

   - Ensure your blog post is mobile-friendly.

15. Publish and Promote:

   - Publish your blog post on your website or blogging platform.

   - Share it on your social media channels, email newsletters, and relevant online communities.

   - Engage with your audience's comments and feedback.

Writing a blog post requires careful planning, research, and attention to detail. By following these steps, you can create a well-structured and engaging blog post that resonates with your audience and adds value to your website or blog.

Best formulas In Excel

Best formulas In Excel 

1. **Basic Arithmetic Formulas:**

   - Addition: `=A1 + A2`

   - Subtraction: `=A1 - A2`

   - Multiplication: `=A1 * A2`

   - Division: `=A1 / A2`

2. **SUM Function:** Adds up all the numbers in a range.

   - Example: `=SUM(A1:A5)` adds the values in cells A1 to A5.

3. **AVERAGE Function:** Calculates the average of numbers in a range.

   - Example: `=AVERAGE(A1:A5)` calculates the average of values in cells A1 to A5.

4. **MAX and MIN Functions:** Find the maximum and minimum values in a range.

   - Example: `=MAX(A1:A5)` returns the largest value in cells A1 to A5.

   - Example: `=MIN(A1:A5)` returns the smallest value in cells A1 to A5.

5. **COUNT Function:** Counts the number of cells in a range that contain numbers.

   - Example: `=COUNT(A1:A5)` counts how many cells in A1 to A5 contain numbers.

6. **IF Function:** Allows you to perform conditional calculations.

   - Example: `=IF(A1 > 10, "Yes", "No")` returns "Yes" if A1 is greater than 10, otherwise "No".

7. **VLOOKUP Function:** Searches for a value in a table and returns a corresponding value from another column.

   - Example: `=VLOOKUP(A1, B1:C5, 2, FALSE)` searches for the value in A1 in the first column of the table B1:C5 and returns the corresponding value from the second column.

8. **HLOOKUP Function:** Similar to VLOOKUP but searches horizontally.

9. **CONCATENATE Function (& operator):** Combines text from multiple cells into one.

   - Example: `=A1 & " " & B1` combines the text in cells A1 and B1 with a space in between.

10. **TEXT Function:** Converts a value to text with a specified format.

    - Example: `=TEXT(A1, "yyyy-mm-dd")` converts a date in A1 to the format "yyyy-mm-dd".

11. **COUNTIF Function:** Counts the number of cells that meet a specific condition.

    - Example: `=COUNTIF(A1:A5, ">10")` counts how many values in A1 to A5 are greater than 10.

Math and Trigonometry:

1. SUM
2. AVERAGE
3. MAX
4. MIN
5. SUMIF
6. AVERAGEIF
7. COUNT
8. COUNTA
9. COUNTIF
10. COUNTIFS
11. ROUND
12. CEILING
13. FLOOR
14. ABS
15. INT
16. SQRT
17. POWER
18. EXP
19. LN
20. LOG
21. RAND
22. RANDBETWEEN
23. PI
24. MOD
25. TRUNC
26. SIN
27. COS
28. TAN
29. ASIN
30. ACOS
31. ATAN

Text Functions: 32. CONCATENATE (& operator)

33. TEXT
34. LEFT
35. RIGHT
36. MID
37. LEN
38. FIND
39. SEARCH
40. SUBSTITUTE
41. REPLACE
42. UPPER
43. LOWER
44. PROPER
45. TRIM
46. REPT
47. CLEAN
48. EXACT

Logical Functions: 49. IF

50. AND
51. OR
52. NOT
53. IFERROR

Date and Time Functions: 54. TODAY

55. NOW
56. DATE
57. TIME
58. YEAR
59. MONTH
60. DAY
61. HOUR
62. MINUTE
63. SECOND
64. WEEKDAY
65. WORKDAY
66. EDATE
67. EOMONTH
68. NETWORKDAYS

Lookup and Reference Functions: 69. VLOOKUP

70. HLOOKUP
71. INDEX
72. MATCH
73. OFFSET
74. CHOOSE
75. INDIRECT
76. ADDRESS

Financial Functions: 77. PMT

78. PV
79. FV
80. RATE
81. NPV
82. IRR

Statistical Functions: 83. STDEV

84. STDEVP
85. VAR
86. VARP
87. CORREL
88. COVAR
89. AVEDEV
90. MEDIAN
91. MODE
92. PERCENTILE
93. QUARTILE
94. RANK

Database Functions: 95. DSUM

96. DAVERAGE
97. DCOUNT
98. DMAX
99. DMIN

Array Functions: 100. ARRAYFORMULA (Google Sheets)

101. TRANSPOSE
102. MMULT
103. SUMPRODUCT

Engineering Functions: 104. BIN2DEC

105. DEC2BIN
106. HEX2DEC
107. DEC2HEX
108. OCT2DEC
109. DEC2OCT
110. BITAND
111. BITOR
112. BITXOR
113. BITLSHIFT
114. BITRSHIFT